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Abdominal Obesity Research shows obesity plays a significant role in various diseases, such as in heart disease and cancer progression. In fact, abdominal obesity is linked to blunted GH secretion and cardiovascular risk factors. Visceral fat is most important, being a marker for insulin resistance syndrome, cardiovascular and metabolic abnormalities, hypertension, among others. For men, this becomes a paramount issue since estrogen is stored in fat; the heavier a man is, the higher the estrogen level and the more demasculization occurring. Review current research and medical articles on abdominal and visceral obesity to treat your patients more successfully.
The objective of this study was to assess the relations
between dietary patterns during adult life (at ages 36, 43,
and 53 y) and risk factors for chronic disease at age 53 y.
Participants of a longitudinal study of health completed a
5-d food diary at 3 occasions during adult life (n = 1265).
Factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns and a
pattern score was calculated from the consumption of the
food items in each dietary pattern.
In the present study, the authors performed a randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to examine the
changes in body composition and clinical laboratory values
following CLA (50:50 ratio of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10,
cis-12 isomers) supplementation for 12 wk in otherwise
healthy obese humans. It concluded that whereas CLA may
increase lean body mass in obese humans, it may also
increase markers of inflammation in the short term.
According to the authors, they have found that a very low
dose GH therapy (0.1 mg/day) improved insulin sensitivity
without affecting body composition in GH-deficient adults
and in subjects with metabolic syndrome, and they postulate
that these effects are mediated by its ability to increase
free 'bioavailable' IGF-I without the induction of lipolysis.
These results raise the possibility that this low GH dose
may play a role in preventing the decline of beta-cell
function and the development of type 2 diabetes in these
"high risk" subjects.
This study concluded that excessively high IGF-I levels can
be avoided by individualized dosing during long-term GH
treatment. Individualized dosing maintains the decrease in
abdominal fat in adult Japanese GHD patients and should
reduce the cardiovascular risk.
This study evaluated the accuracy with which the Hologic
QDR-4500A and QDR-2000 densitometers measure fat mass (FM)
in 95 children. FM was derived from total body water
measured by deuterium dilution (DD) in all children, by
QDR-4500A in 50, and by QDR-2000 in 45 children. It
concluded that neither densitometer is equivalent to DD for
estimation of children's FM. The QDR-4500A's current
calibration seems to provide an even greater underestimate
of FM than the QDR-2000. This study
concluded that an atherogenic lipid profile, insulin
resistance, obesity, and increased body and trunk fat in GHD
adults may cause the higher risk of cardiovascular disease
in these patients. GHD adults should receive human
recombinant GH along with conventional replacement therapy.
This may be a useful method in protecting against early
onset of atherosclerosis, metabolic disturbances, and
osteoporosis, especially in young patients. What’s in a Name? Reflections on the (Suddenly) Controversial ‘Metabolic Syndrome’.pdf According
to this article, for many of us, it’s easier to think about
multiple problems as having one root cause, or at least a
common underlying complex pathophysiology. Hypertension,
dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and central obesity occur in the
same patients more often than by chance alone.
Low SHBG, Testosterone, and Clinical AD Are Linked to Metabolic Syndrome Development.pdf According
to this article, low sex hormone-binding globulin, total
testosterone, and symptomatic androgen deficiency are
associated with development of the metabolic syndrome in
nonobese men. According
to this article, obesity surgery, which is fast becoming a
popular way to battle the nation’s weight crisis, may be a
lot riskier than most patients realize. New research found a
higher-than-expected risk of death in the year after
surgery, even among young patients. This study
concluded that in postmenopausal women with abdominal
obesity, 1 yr of GH treatment improved insulin sensitivity
and reduced abdominal visceral fat and total and low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. The improvement in
insulin sensitivity was associated with reduced hepatic fat
content. The
findings of this study validate the importance for a role
of obesity in prostate cancer
progression and suggest a link to
the biological basis of prostate cancer progression
that can be therapeutically
exploited. This study
concluded that a 3-month regimen of GHRH supplementation in
postmenopausal women can stimulate GH and IGF-I production,
reduce abdominal visceral fat and improve selected measures
of physical performance, while inducing significant local
skin reactivity. GE Healthcare Announces Most Extensive Body Composition Reference Database in China.pdf GE
Healthcare, a unit of General Electric Company (NYSE: GE),
announced that the company has developed the most extensive
body composition reference database to evaluate total body
composition in Chinese women. The reference database
provides improved confidence for Chinese physicians in
evaluating clinical conditions such as obesity, eating
disorders, diseases that cause muscle wasting, and
conditions that may increase the risk of diabetes and heart
disease. The new reference database was presented at the 27th
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral
Research meeting in Nashville, TN September 23-27.
According
to Mary Ann Banerji, MD, associate professor of medicine and
endocrinology at SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn,
N.Y., abdominal obesity may be a better marker of insulin
resistance syndrome than other indicators such as BMI and
weight. Banerji spoke about obesity and its association
with insulin resistance syndrome at the 65th
Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association.
Review by Amazon.com of Suzanne Somers’ book The Sexy
Years: Discover the Hormone Connection: The Secret to
Fabulous Sex, Great Health, and Vitality, for Women and Men.
This article concludes that administration of a low-dose
testosterone to men with COPD for 26 weeks was associated
with improvement of body composition, better erectile
function and sexual quality of life. Furthermore, there were
no clinical or biochemical side effects. Gender Issues in Heart Disease for Aging Men.pdf
This article discusses the gender-specific issues relating
to prevention of heart disease. It states that although
androgens might influence cardiovascular risks, its overall
effects are uncertain because many interacting factors need
to be considered. Effect of DHEA on Abdominal Fat and Insulin Action in Elderly Women and Men.pdf This study
concluded that DHEA replacement could play a role in
prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome
associated with abdominal obesity.
Effects of Testosterone Administration on Fat Distribution,
Insulin Sensitivity, and Atherosclerosis Progression.pdf Growth Hormone Therapy in Adults.pdf According
to this review, Growth hormone (GH) is classically linked
with linear growth in childhood but continues to have
important metabolic actions throughout life. GH deficiency
in adulthood causes a distinct syndrome with significant
morbidities. These include increased total and visceral fat,
decreased muscle mass and aerobic capacity, affective
disturbances, abnormal lipids, and increased vascular
mortality, all of which are ameliorated with GH replacement.
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical
Guidelines for Clinical Practice for Growth Hormone Use in
Adults and Children -- 2003 Update.pdf Effects of Growth Hormone Secretion on Body Composition in Patients with Crohn’s Disease.pdf This study
states that although serum GH levels were similar in the two
groups, GH contributed significantly to the abdominal fat
measurements. These data show that GH has an important role
in modulating visceral fat distribution in patients with
Crohn's disease.
The conclusion of this study was that this genetically
homogeneous isolated GHD population presents a syndrome
characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemia, and elevated
SBP but reduced cardiac dimensions compared with controls. In
conclusion, this study found that rhGH effectively reduces
the excess visceral adipose tissue often associated with HIV
fat redistribution/lipodystrophy. However, frequent adverse
effects warrant controlled studies and careful patient
monitoring, especially regarding glucose tolerance.
Hormone Replacement Therapy, Insulin Sensitivity, and Abdominal Obesity in Postmenopausal Women.pdf The
authors concluded that postmenopausal women taking oral
estrogen or those taking a combination of estrogen and HRT
are more insulin-resistant than women not on HRT, even when
women are of comparable total and abdominal adiposity. Assessment of Growth Hormone Dynamics in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Lipodystrophy.pdf
The data from this study demonstrate normal GH pulse
frequency and insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations
but reduced mean GH concentrations, basal GH concentrations,
and GH pulse amplitude in patients with HIV lipodystrophy.
Increased visceral adiposity is the strongest predictor of
reduced GH concentrations in HIV lipodystrophy. Further
studies are necessary to determine the clinical significance
of reduced GH in patients with HIV lipodystrophy. The data
collected in this study suggests that in healthy aging
adults, human growth hormone (hGH) and /or sex hormone
supplementation and modulation brings forth a positive
response on decreasing body fat. This study compares the
difference in response to human growth hormone (hGH)
supplementation and modulation between healthy aging adults
and non-elderly adults with a pathological growth hormone
deficiency. Eighteen
newly-diagnosed obese type 2 diabetic patients ranging from
42 years to 56 years in age were given dietary restrictions
and human growth hormone (hGH) replacement therapy. The
benefits of low-dose human growth hormone (hGH)
supplementation and modulation combined with dietary
restriction resulted in a decrease of visceral fat, an
increase of muscle mass with a consequent improvement of the
insulin resistance observed in obese type 2 diabetic
patients. Growth Hormone and Aging.pdf This
chapter reviews data from approximately 300 references
confirming that there is a physiological, age-related
decline in spontaneous human growth hormone (hGH) release
and IGF-I levels. The decline begins around thirty years of
age and continues into advanced old age. Elderly people have
growth hormone and IGF-I levels indicating somatopause, a
human growth hormone (HGH) deficiency. This physiological
decline in human growth hormone and IGF-I is associated with
adverse changes in body composition, such as diminished
muscle and bone mass and increased intraabdominal fat,
therefore increasing the risk of muscle weakness,
osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and
cardiovascular disease. In this context, increased disease
risk is discussed. Highlighted are diseases that are
exacerbated with age and often worsen the decline in
somatotropic function, sometimes leading to adverse affects
to the existing disease.
According
to this study, the decrease in glucose-stimulated insulin
secretion with aerobic exercise training in middle-aged and
older men appears to be mediated, at least in part, by
reductions in the amount of abdominal fat. Regular physical
exercise may prevent or ameliorate conditions associated
with hyperinsulinemia including dyslipidemia, hypertension,
and atherosclerosis in this group. Growth Hormone - Hormone Replacement for the Somatopause?.pdf According
to this article, the fall in GH secretion seen with ageing
coincides with changes in body composition and lipid
metabolism that are similar to those seen in adults with GH
deficiency. In elderly subjects, although GH secretion is
markedly reduced, remaining GH secretion correlates closely
with body composition (particularly with lean body mass and
inversely with central abdominal fat). Effect of Oral DHEA on Serum Testosterone and Adaptations to Resistance Training in Young Men.pdf
This study examined the effects of acute
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) ingestion on serum steroid
hormones and the effect of chronic DHEA intake on the
adaptations to resistance training. These results suggest
that DHEA ingestion does not enhance serum testosterone
concentrations or adaptations associated with resistance
training in young men. Growth Hormone and the Metabolic Syndrome.pdf According
to this study, the finding that GH replacement in men with
abdominal obesity can diminish the negative metabolic
consequences of visceral obesity suggests that low levels of
this hormone are of importance for the metabolic aberrations
associated with visceral/abdominal obesity. Effect of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Elderly Osteoporotic Women.pdf The
results of this study indicate that GH attenuates the
decrease in muscle strength and bone mass as well as the
gain of abdominal fat with ageing in elderly women. The
present data provide useful information about the
application of GH treatment in elderly women. This trial
has demonstrated that GH can favorably affect some of the
multiple perturbations associated with abdominal/visceral
obesity. This includes a reduction in abdominal/visceral
obesity, an improved insulin sensitivity, and favorable
effects on lipoprotein metabolism and diastolic blood
pressure. Computed
tomography was used to examine the short and long-term
effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on body
composition and regional tissue distributions in this
two-part study. Its findings look at Adipose tissue, muscle
and visceral organs. It was
concluded in this study that the turnover rate of depot
triglycerides is more rapid in abdominal compared to femoral
sc adipose tissue in men. Furthermore, T supplementation
inhibits triglyceride uptake and LPL activity and causes a
more rapid turnover of triglycerides only in the sc
abdominal adipose tissue region. These results demonstrate
the marked effects of T on adipose tissue metabolism in vivo
and suggest that T is an important regulator of the
proportion of depot fat mass in central and peripheral
adipose tissue in men. The
benefits of human growth hormone (hGH) supplementation and
modulation in human growth hormone (hGH) deficient adults
after six months of treatment included a significant
decrease in the mean visceral, subcutaneous abdominal, and
subcutaneous hip adipose tissue areas and serum
concentration of total cholesterol, whereas serum HDL
cholesterol concentration increased significantly.
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