Rheumatoid Arthritis

Studies into this chronic, autoimmune disease explore the relationship between the condition and hormonal optimization. With that, the effects of such therapy are being examined. Review current research and medical articles on rheumatoid arthritis to gain insights and potential methodologies that may effectively control systematic inflammation and related symptoms.


Prevalence of Hypogonadism in Males Aged at Least 45 Years: The HIM study.pdf

According to this study, based on TT concentration, the prevalence of hypogonadism in men reporting to primary care offices was estimated to be 38.7%. The medical conditions that occurred significantly more frequently among hypogonadal men than eugonadal men included increased BMI, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, and asthma or COPD. As men age, they are susceptible to conditions that share many of the same symptoms similar to hypogonadism. The presence of these conditions may, in effect, mask underlying hypogonadism and negatively impact quality of life.
Mulligan, T., Frick, M.F., Zuraw, Q.C., Stemhagen, A. & McWhirter, C. (2006). Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study [Electronic version]. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 60(7), 762-769. Retrieved November 27, 2006.

The Serum Growth Hormone to Somatostatin Ratio is Skewed Upward in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.pdf

The results of this study indicates that symptomatic RA is associated with elevated serum growth hormone without concomitant changes in IGF-1 compared to individuals from the control group. Reduced somatostatin levels in older RA patients resulted in a skewed upward growth hormone to somatostatin ratio. It was concluded that the serum growth hormone to somatostatin ratio may be a useful surrogate marker of disease activity in symptomatic RA.
Denko, C.W. & Malemud, C.J. (2004). The serum growth hormone to somatostatin ratio is skewed upward in rheumatoid arthritis patients [Electronic version]. Frontiers in Bioscience, 9, 1660-1664. Retrieved October 25, 2005.

Hormone Replacement Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis is Associated with Lower Serum Levels of Soluble IL-6 Receptor and Higher Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1.pdf

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HRT on the serum levels of hormones and cytokines regulating bone turnover in 88 postmenopausal women with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) randomly allocated to receive HRT plus calcium and vitamin D3 or calcium and vitamin D3 alone for 2 years.
D'Elia, H.F., Mattsson, L.A., Ohlsson, C., Nordborg, E. & Carlsten, H. (2003). Hormone replacement therapy in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with lower serum levels of soluble IL-6 receptor and higher insulin-like growth factor 1 [Electronic version]. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 5(4), R202-209. Epub 2003, May 1. Retrieved October 25, 2005.

Inappropriate Serum Levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.pdf

In this study, it was found that the ratio of IGF-I to IGFBP-3 in RA patients was significantly lower than that in controls. These findings suggest that that an inappropriate balance of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels may reduce the availability of IGF-I and be involved in pathogenesis of RA.
Matsumoto, T. & Tsurumoto, T. (2002). Inappropriate serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Electronic version]. Rheumatology, 41, 352-353. Retrieved October 25, 2005.

Changes in Systemic Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Their Binding Proteins in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.pdf

This study concluded that increased levels of IGFBPs in RA may result in the reduced availability of free IGFs that can bind to IGF receptors. The observed changes in the IGF system may thus participate in the catabolic processes in rheumatoid arthritis.
Neidel, J. (2001). Changes in systemic levels of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Electronic version]. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 19(1), 81-84. Retrieved October 25, 2005.

Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Growth Hormone Axis in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.pdf

The findings of this study indicate that there is an impairment in HPA and GH axis in patients with active and remitted RA. The site of this impairment is probably hypothalamus and/or pituitary gland.
Demir, H., Kelestimur, F., Tunc, M., Kirnap, M. & Ozugul, Y. (1999). Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and growth hormone axis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Electronic version]. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 28(1), 41-46. Retrieved October 25, 2005.

Growth Factors, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Growth Hormone, in Synovial Fluid and Serum of Patients with Rheumatic Disorders.pdf

The finding that IGF-1 is present in levels about one-half as great in SF as compared with serum suggests that IGF-1 may be produced in lesser amounts or is utilized by the patient in customary joint function. The finding that GH is present in SF at values twice as high, or more, of serum levels in inflammatory arthritides suggests that GH may play a role in the pathophysiology of arthritic disorders.
Denko, C.W., Boja, B. & Moskowitz, R.W. (1996). Growth factors, insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth hormone, in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatic disorders [Electronic version]. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 4(4), 245-249. Retrieved October 25, 2005.

Increase of Bone Mineral Density and Anabolic Variables in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Resistant to Methotrexate After Cyclosporin A Therapy.pdf

This study concluded that patients with active RA, even in the early phases, lose bone very rapidly. Effective control of systemic inflammation allowed a rapid rescue of BMD, at least in the short term. This happened with a simultaneous increase in some anabolic variables such as IGF-1, BGP, and DHEAS.
Ferraccioli, G., Casatta, L. & Bartoli, E. (1996). Increase of bone mineral density and anabolic variables in patients with rheumatoid arthritis resistant to methotrexate after cyclosporin A therapy [Electronic version]. The Journal of Rheumatology, 23(9), 1539-1542. Retrieved October 25, 2005.

Anterior Pituitary Function in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis.pdf

In this study, a combined test for total anterior pituitary reserve was performed in 10 patients with newly diagnosed untreated RA. Before and after stimulation with the respective hypothalamic releasing hormones, RA patients showed no difference in plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, prolactin (PRL) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) when compared to healthy controls.
Templ, E., Koeller, M., Riedl, M., Wagner, O., Graninger, W. & Luger, A. (1996). Anterior pituitary function in patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis [Electronic version]. British Journal of Rheumatology, 35(4), 350-356. Retrieved October 25, 2005.

Cyclosporin A Increases Somatomedin C Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Levels in Chronic Rheumatic Diseases.pdf

This study concluded that the effects of CysA on IGF-I may explain some of the clinical, immunologic, and metabolic results during CysA treatment of rheumatic diseases.
Ferraccioli, G., Guerra, P., Rizzi, V. & Bartoli, E. (1995). Cyclosporin A increases somatomedin C insulin-like growth factor I levels in chronic rheumatic diseases [Electronic version]. The Journal of Rheumatology, 22(6), 1060-1064. Retrieved October 25, 2005.