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Bone Density Male and female patients face bone-density issues. Calcium is not the solitary answer, since it cannot be deposited or stored without the correct hormonal milieu. Other factors play a role in bone density, such as nutrition, exercise, lifestyle choices (cigarettes, excessive alcohol), family history, race (Caucasian, Hispanic and Asian). Review current research and medical articles on bone density to offer your patients a wider prospective. Mortality Greater for Hip Fracture Than Breast Cancer in Elderly Women.pdf
Older women are at greater risk for death after hip
fracture than after breast cancer, according to a
presentation at the American Geriatrics Society
(AGS) annual meeting held in Seattle, Washington.
The investigators suggest that increased awareness
of mortality associated with hip fracture is needed
to improve preventive measures. Once-Yearly Zoledronic Acid for Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.pdf
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 3889
patients (mean age, 73 years) were randomly assigned
to receive a single 15-minute infusion of zoledronic
acid (5 mg) and 3876 were assigned to receive
placebo at baseline, at 12 months, and at 24 months;
the patients were followed until 36 months. It
concluded that once-yearly infusion of zoledronic
acid during a 3-year period significantly reduced
the risk of vertebral, hip, and other fractures. Endogenous Hormones, Muscle Strength, and Risk of Fall-Related Fractures in Older Women.pdf
This study showed that in 75-year-old women higher
serum estradiol concentration and greater muscle
strength were independently associated with a low
incidence of fall-related limb fractures even after
adjustment for bone density. Our results suggest
that hormonal status and muscle strength have their
own separate mechanisms protecting from fall-related
fractures. This finding is of importance in
developing preventive strategies, but calls for
further study. Don’t Call it Male Menopause.pdf
As men start to age, their bodies also start to
undergo major changes. They don't get hot flashes,
but they do experience hormonal, physiological and
chemical shifts that can affect many aspects of
their lives. This article suggests that you can call
it aging; just don't call it male menopause. NAMS Updates Recommendations on Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women.pdf To address
the need for standards of care as they
relate to menopause-associated health
conditions, the North American Menopause
Society (NAMS) has updated its
evidence-based guidelines on the diagnosis,
prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis in
postmenopausal women. The full report was
published in the May/June 2006 issue of
Menopause. The
administration of growth hormone improves
the sensitivity of women with osteoporosis
to their own circulating parathyroid
hormone, leading to an increase in bone
formation and an improvement in bone mineral
balance, according to a new study released
at ENDO 2006, the 88th Annual Meeting of The
Endocrine Society. The research may lead the
way to improved treatment for women who are
endangered by thinning bones. This study
concluded that an atherogenic lipid profile,
insulin resistance, obesity, and increased
body and trunk fat in GHD adults may cause
the higher risk of cardiovascular disease in
these patients. GHD adults should receive
human recombinant GH along with conventional
replacement therapy. This may be a useful
method in protecting against early onset of
atherosclerosis, metabolic disturbances, and
osteoporosis, especially in young patients. Prevalence of Hypogonadism in Males Aged at Least 45 Years: The HIM study.pdf According
to this study, based on TT concentration,
the prevalence of hypogonadism in men
reporting to primary care offices was
estimated to be 38.7%. The medical
conditions that occurred significantly more
frequently among hypogonadal men than
eugonadal men included increased BMI,
hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, and
asthma or COPD. As men age, they are
susceptible to conditions that share many of
the same symptoms similar to hypogonadism.
The presence of these conditions may, in
effect, mask underlying hypogonadism and
negatively impact quality of life.
DHEA in Elderly Women and DHEA or Testosterone in
Elderly Men.pdf Experts Consider HT for Younger Women.pdf Questions
still persist after the release of the July
2002 Women’s Health Initiative findings
regarding hormone therapy. Researchers have
been looking at the data to see if certain
changes in dosage or initiation age could
still provide benefits to women.
Study Links Fat Distribution and Not Body Weight as an Indicator of Cardiovascular Disease Risk.pdf GE
Healthcare, a unit of General Electric
Company (NYSE: GE), announced that the
company’s Lunar Prodigy bone density system
was used in a groundbreaking study to
evaluate body composition and fat
distribution in the body as an important
indicator of risk of cardiovascular
disease. The study was presented at the 27th
Annual Meeting of the American Society for
Bone and Mineral Research meeting in
Nashville, TN, September 23-27.
GE Healthcare Announces Most Extensive Body Composition Reference Database in China.pdf GE
Healthcare, a unit of General Electric
Company (NYSE: GE), announced that the
company has developed the most extensive
body composition reference database to
evaluate total body composition in Chinese
women. The reference database provides
improved confidence for Chinese physicians
in evaluating clinical conditions such as
obesity, eating disorders, diseases that
cause muscle wasting, and conditions that
may increase the risk of diabetes and heart
disease. The new reference database was
presented at the 27th
Annual Meeting of the American Society for
Bone and Mineral Research meeting in
Nashville, TN September 23-27.
Hormone Therapy Reduces Fracture Risk.pdf A positive
link between hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
and the reduction of risk for bone fractures
in postmenopausal women was recently
discovered by British researchers. This
article summarizes their findings, published
in the Journal of the American Medical
Association (JAMA), revealing the
significant increase in protection against
bone fracture for women using hormone
replacement therapy (HRT).
The
results of this study demonstrate that T
therapy in older men with low serum T
increases vertebral and hip BMD over 36
months, both when administered alone and
when combined with F. This finding suggests
that dihydrotestosterone is not essential
for the beneficial effects of T on BMD in
men. In addition, the concomitant
administration of F with T appears to
attenuate the impact of T therapy on
prostate size and PSA and might reduce the
chance of benign prostatic hypertrophy or
other prostate-related complications in
older men on T therapy. These findings have
important implications for the prevention
and treatment of osteoporosis in older men
with low T levels. According
to this study, the use of CEE increases the
risk of stroke, decreases the risk of hip
fracture, and does not affect CHD incidence
in postmenopausal women with prior
hysterectomy over an average of 6.8 years. A
possible reduction in breast cancer risk
requires further investigation. The burden
of incident disease events was equivalent in
the CEE and placebo groups, indicating no
overall benefit. Thus, CEE should not be
recommended for chronic disease prevention
in postmenopausal women. Safety and Adverse Effects of Androgens: How to Counsel Patients.pdf In
short-term clinical trials of androgen
replacement in women, several benefits have
been shown, including improved libido, bone
mineral density and body composition. While
androgen therapy for women is relatively
new, it is receiving more attention.
Formulations and Use of Androgens in Women.pdf The Women’s Health Initiative 2004 – Review and Critique.pdf This
article reviews the published results from
the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) and
their various interpretations. The WHI was
designed to define the risks and benefits of
interventions, notably hormone therapy, to
potentially prevent heart disease, breast
and colorectal cancer, and osteoporotic
fractures in postmenopausal women. Potential Anabolic Effects of Androgens on Bone.pdf With the
decrease of estrogen at menopause, the need
for androgens increases in post-menopausal
women. Androgens also appear to be
important for the bone health of women who
are pre-menopausal. Review by
Amazon.com of Suzanne Somers’ book
The Sexy Years: Discover the Hormone
Connection: The Secret to Fabulous Sex,
Great Health, and Vitality, for Women and
Men.
In this
study, bone resorption was not accelerated
during unchanged (DHT) or increased (rhCG)
E2 levels, suggesting that minimal E2 levels
are needed to maintain stable resorption,
although direct androgen receptor-mediated
effects cannot be excluded. If androgen
supplementation is required for aging men,
aromatizable androgens with sufficient
endogenous estrogenic activity may have the
most beneficial effects on bone. Risks of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy and Recommendations for Monitoring.pdf According
to this study, hypogonadism affects an
estimated 2 million to 4 million men
in the United States; its
prevalence increases with age. However, it
has been estimated that only 5 percent of
affected men currently receive
treatment. Recent interest in
testosterone therapy has been
fueled not only by increased medical
awareness of the effects of
hypogonadism, but also by media
attention regarding
hormone-replacement therapy in both men
and women, the marketing of new
topical testosterone formulations,
and the desire of "baby
boomers" to maintain vigor and health
into their more mature years. This
article concludes that administration of a
low-dose testosterone to men with COPD for
26 weeks was associated with improvement of
body composition, better erectile function
and sexual quality of life. Furthermore,
there were no clinical or biochemical side
effects. The
results of this study demonstrate that GH
may have a regulatory role in bone mineral
metabolism, and our data provide a possible
underlying mechanism for the development of
osteoporosis in AGHD patients. The changes
observed after GHR may further explain the
beneficial effects of GHR on bone mineral
density that have consistently been
reported. Deterioration of Trabecular Architecture in Hypogonadal Men.pdf This study
concluded that male hypogonadism is
associated with marked deterioration of
trabecular architecture and to a greater
degree than bone densitometry of the spine
and hip suggests. This study
demonstrates that estrogen plus progestin
increases BMD and reduces the risk of
fracture in healthy postmenopausal women.
The decreased risk of fracture attributed to
estrogen plus progestin appeared to be
present in all subgroups of women examined.
When considering the effects of hormone
therapy on other important disease outcomes
in a global model, there was no net benefit,
even in women considered to be at high risk
of fracture. The aim of
this study was to investigate the effects of
HRT on the serum levels of hormones and
cytokines regulating bone turnover in 88
postmenopausal women with active rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) randomly allocated to receive
HRT plus calcium and vitamin D3 or calcium
and vitamin D3 alone for 2 years. Growth Hormone Predicts Bone Density in Elderly Women.pdf According
to this study, evidence is accumulating that
the risk of osteoporosis may be influenced
by environmental factors during intrauterine
and early postnatal life; such programming
might be mediated through modification of
the GH/IGF-1 axis during critical periods in
its development. These
preliminary data suggest that, in adolescent
patients with severe GHD, discontinuation of
GH at completion of growth may limit the
attainment of peak bone mass in this patient
group. This may predispose to clinically
significant osteopenia in later adult life.
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for Growth
Hormone Use in Adults and Children -- 2003
Update.pdf This study
concluded that bone mineral content
increased to 14% with GH treatment on top of
HRT and calcium/vitamin D in postmenopausal
women with osteoporosis. There seems to be a
delayed, extended, and dose-dependent effect
of GH on bone. Thus, GH could be used as an
anabolic agent in osteoporosis.
Seeking the Optimal Target Range for Insulin-Like
Growth Factor 1 During the Treatment of Adult Growth
Hormone Disorders.pdf This study
tested the hypothesis that higher serum
osteocalcin and urinary N-telopeptide of
type I collagen (NTx) concentrations would
be found in women with increasing cycle
irregularity or increased follicle
stimulating hormone concentrations. It
concluded that in these pre- and early
perimenopausal women, higher FSH
concentrations, but not other serum
reproductive hormone concentrations, are
positively associated with greater bone
turnover prior to the last menstrual period. Can Growth Hormone Prevent Aging?.pdf
This article cites the
article by Rudman et al. that appeared in
the Journal in 1990 that reported the effect
on body composition of administering human
growth hormone for six months to 12 older
men. This article incited a proliferation of
"antiaging" clinics and lay publications,
such as "Grow Young with HGH," extolling the
benefits of growth hormone in reversing or
preventing aging. This study
concluded that in elderly patients
undergoing total hip replacement,
preoperative GH treatment results in
improvements in lean body mass and skeletal
muscle mass that are sufficient to offset
postoperative losses. The treatment may
also preserve or improve muscle strength and
postoperative walking ability.
Single and Combined Effects of Growth Hormone and
Testosterone Administration on Measures of Body
Composition, Physical Performance, Mood, Sexual
Function, Bone Turnover, and Muscle Gene Expression
in Healthy Older Men.pdf Shouldn't Adults with Growth Hormone Deficiency Be Offered Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy?.pdf
This analysis should encourage reluctant
practitioners to at least consider growth hormone
replacement therapy for patients with definite
growth hormone deficiency--that is, patients with
symptomatic panhypopituitarism. Bone Alterations in Patients with Idiopathic Hypercalciuria and Calcium Nephrolithiasis.pdf This study
concluded that altered bone metabolism and
overall bone loss were found only in the
patients with FH. Overloading of acid
valences, perhaps of dietary origin, could
be the pathogenic factor responsible. This study
concluded that consumption of an LCHP diet
for 6 weeks delivers a marked acid load to
the kidney, increases the risk for stone
formation, decreases estimated calcium
balance, and may increase the risk for bone
loss. Dehydroepiandrosterone Supplementation and Bone Turnover in Middle-Aged to Elderly Men.pdf This study
concluded that oral DHEA does not affect
bone turnover in middle-aged to elderly men
when used for a 6-month period at doses
targeted to restore circulating levels of
the steroid to that seen in young adults. Hepatitis
C-associated osteosclerosis (HCAO) is a rare
syndrome of adult-onset osteosclerosis. An
understanding of the factor(s) leading to
the stimulation of bone formation in these
patients may provide novel anabolic
approaches for the treatment of
osteoporosis. Bone Loss Following Hypogonadism in Men with Prostate Cancer Treated with GnRH Analogs.pdf These
findings of this study demonstrate a
significant loss of bone in men with
prostate cancer after receiving GnRH therapy
and suggest that the total hip and radius
are the preferred sites for monitoring bone
loss in older men. In addition, markers of
bone resorption may be helpful. Hormone Replacement Therapy, Insulin Sensitivity, and Abdominal Obesity in Postmenopausal Women.pdf
The authors concluded that postmenopausal women
taking oral estrogen or those taking a combination
of estrogen and HRT are more insulin-resistant than
women not on HRT, even when women are of comparable
total and abdominal adiposity. According
to this study, neither ICZ alone nor SUL
alone were able to confer the same degree of
protection against DNA damage produced by
BaP as they achieved in combination. Similar
results were obtained with H(2)O(2) as the
genotoxic agent. Together, these
phytochemicals may prevent colon
tumorigenesis by both stimulating apoptosis
and enhancing intracellular defenses against
genotoxic agents. Association of IGF-I Levels with Muscle Strength and Mobility in Older Women.pdf This
article summarizes that in a study
population including frail and healthy older
women, low IGF-I levels were associated with
poor knee extensor muscle strength, slow
walking speed, and self-reported difficulty
with mobility tasks. These findings suggest
a role for IGF-I in disability as well as a
potential target population for
interventions to raise IGF-I levels. This study
concluded that GH therapy in GH-deficient
adults is able to progressively increase BMD
and bone area at the lumbar spine over a
period of at least 6 years. However, the
authors state that their study has several
limitations, making it necessary to confirm
these findings in further long-term studies. Personal Business; Trying to Roll Back the Biological Clock, for a Price.pdf This
article, written soon after September 11th,
says that Americans have been re-evaluating
their priorities since the attacks, and for
some people that means paying closer
attention to their health. There has even
been a rise in interest in so-called
anti-aging clinics. It discusses several
clinics, including Cenegenics. This study
concluded that in physically frail elderly
women, 9 months of HRT significantly
increased BMD compared with placebo in
clinically important skeletal regions.
Further studies are needed to determine
whether these osteogenic effects of HRT in
elderly women are associated with a
reduction in osteoporotic fractures. According
to this study, oral estrogen antagonizes
several of the metabolic actions of GH. It
may aggravate body composition abnormalities
already present in GHD women and attenuate
the beneficial effects of GH therapy.
Estrogen replacement in GHD women should be
administered by a nonoral route. Hormone Replacement Therapy Produced Net Harm, Consistent with the Observational Data.pdf This
article states that women with or at high
risk of coronary heart disease should not
start HRT. There is a risk that women
without coronary heart disease might
experience even greater net harm from HRT.
The late benefit is necessarily limited, as
it cannot exceed the event rate. The
mechanism of the early loss is unknown; if
it were reduced proportionately less than
the late benefit, considerable net harm
could result.
Testosterone Therapy in Men: An Update.pdf This
article discusses that because testosterone
levels decline with age, and aging is
accompanied by body changes including loss
of muscle and increases in fat, there is
great interest in the potential benefits of
testosterone administration in elderly men. Growth Hormone - Hormone Replacement for the Somatopause?.pdf According
to this article, the fall in GH secretion
seen with ageing coincides with changes in
body composition and lipid metabolism that
are similar to those seen in adults with GH
deficiency. In elderly subjects, although GH
secretion is markedly reduced, remaining GH
secretion correlates closely with body
composition (particularly with lean body
mass and inversely with central abdominal
fat). In this
cross-sectional study in healthy elderly
men, non-SHBG-bound T seems to be the best
parameter for serum levels of bioactive T,
which seems to play a direct role in the
various physiological changes that occur
during aging. A positive relation with
muscle strength and BMD and a negative
relation with fat mass was found. In
addition, both serum E1 and E2 seem to play
a role in the age-related bone loss in
elderly men, although the cross-sectional
nature of the study precludes a definitive
conclusion. Non-SHBG-bound E2 seems to be
the best parameter of serum bioactive E2 in
describing its positive relation with BMD. This pilot
study indicates that rhGH administered
preoperatively has beneficial effects on
skeletal muscle and respiratory function and
may be more useful than postoperative rhGH
administration alone. This study
concluded that a significant reduction of
BMD associated with abnormalities of bone
turnover parameters was found only in
patients with very severe or severe GHD,
whereas normal BMD values were found in non-GHD
hypopituitary patients. These abnormalities
were consistently present in all patients
with GHD regardless of the presence of
additional hormone deficits, suggesting that
GHD plays a central role in the development
of osteopenia in hypopituitary patients. This study
found a lower IGF-I level and lower bone and
lean body mass in hip fracture patients than
in an age-matched group of patients. This
sign of catabolism seems to continue
postoperatively, with a significant decrease
of both BMD and lean body mass possibly
indicating GH/IGF-I therapy together with
adequate nutrition to preserve bone and
muscle losses in elderly patients with hip
fractures. The aim of
this study was to evaluate bone metabolism
and mass before and after 2 years of GH
replacement therapy in adults with childhood
or adulthood onset GH deficiency. It
concluded that patients with childhood or
adulthood onset GH deficiency have
osteopenia that can be improved by long-term
treatment with GH. Effect of Testosterone Treatment on Bone Mineral Density in Men Over 65 Years of Age.pdf This study
found that increasing the serum testosterone
concentrations of normal men over 65 yr of
age to the midnormal range for young men did
not increase lumbar spine bone density
overall, but did increase it in those men
with low pretreatment serum testosterone
concentrations. Effect of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Elderly Osteoporotic Women.pdf The
results of this study indicate that GH
attenuates the decrease in muscle strength
and bone mass as well as the gain of
abdominal fat with ageing in elderly women.
The present data provide useful information
about the application of GH treatment in
elderly women. This study
concluded that GH treatment in GH-deficient
adults increased BMD for up to 30-36 months,
with a plateau thereafter. Concurrently with
the plateau in BMD the bone turnover rate
normalized. From the skeletal point of view
GH-deficient patients exhibiting osteopenia
or osteoporosis should be considered as
candidates for GH supplementation of at
least 3-4 years. This study
concluded that transdermal E2 at doses of
0.025, 0.05, 0.06, and 0.1 mg/day
effectively prevented bone loss in
postmenopausal women.
Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adulthood and the Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement: A Review.pdf The
importance of GH throughout adult life is
now unequivocally accepted.
GH deficiency is recognized to
result in alterations in body composition,
physical performance,
psychological well-being, and substrate
metabolism. Many of these
alterations can be improved or corrected
with GH replacement. The
prospect of GH replacement becoming routine,
however, does raise a number of issues. This study
concluded that GH replacement therapy in
adult patients with GHD over a period of 18
months causes a pronounced increase in bone
turnover mainly during the first 12 months
of therapy and increases BMD of the lumbar
spine and the femoral neck after 18 months. The
effects of a combination of mild exercise
and GH injections on bone were studied in
old female rats. This study showed that GH
injections and mild exercise in combination
modulate and increase further the formation
and strength of cortical bone in old female
rats. According
to this study, growth hormone administered
to men with adult-onset growth hormone
deficiency at a dose adjusted according to
serum IGF-1 levels increases bone density
and stimulates bone turnover, decreases body
fat and increases lean mass, and is
associated with a low incidence of side
effects. The data
from this study support the hypothesis that
circulating IGF-I not only reflects the
integrated growth hormone secretion but also
has a direct role in the endocrine
regulation of bone remodeling. The present
findings support the need for further
studies to assess the potential of IGF-I in
attenuating age-related femoral bone loss. This study
concluded that patients with active RA, even
in the early phases, lose bone very rapidly.
Effective control of systemic inflammation
allowed a rapid rescue of BMD, at least in
the short term. This happened with a
simultaneous increase in some anabolic
variables such as IGF-1, BGP, and DHEAS. Growth Hormone Therapy for Protein Catabolism.pdf GH and
IGF-1 have shown remarkable consistency of
effect in a wide range of catabolic
conditions, including improved net protein
synthesis and preserving lean body mass. According
to this study, two years of GH treatment
induced a sustained increase in overall bone
remodeling activity, which resulted in a net
gain in BMD that was more marked in those
subjects with a low pretreatment z-score. This study
concluded that the effects of CysA on IGF-I
may explain some of the clinical,
immunologic, and metabolic results during
CysA treatment of rheumatic diseases. According
to this study, growth hormone deficiency (GHD)
in adults is now recognized as a specific
clinical syndrome with characteristic
symptoms and signs. Thus, the patients are
overweight, have an abnormal body
composition (excess body fat and a decrease
in the extracellular water volume) and a low
bone mineral content compared to normals. This study
concludes that oral estrogen-androgen
increased vertebral bone mineral density
compared with pre-treatment values and
relieved somatic symptoms. Safety indices,
including lipoprotein levels, indicated that
the combination was well tolerated over the
2 years of treatment. Advances in Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Adults.pdf According
to this article, it is now apparent that
acquired GH deficiency is associated with
significant changes in body composition,
bone density, lipid metabolism,
cardiovascular function and physical
performance. In addition, new information is
now available on the use of low doses of
recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to
reverse the negative effects of GH
deficiency in adults. The data
of this study show that administration of
substitutive doses of growth hormone to GH-deficient
adult males activates bone turnover for a
period of at least one year and suggests
that this may have a beneficial effect on
bone mass in these patients. According
to this study, no significant changes
occurred in bone mineral
measurements during 6 months of placebo
therapy. Midthigh
muscle and fat cross-sectional area
increased and decreased,
respectively, during the active
treatment phase. These results demonstrate
that GH plays an important role
in maintaining the integrity of the adult
skeleton. The
results of this study show that GH
replacement in GHD adults results in marked
alterations in body composition, fat
distribution, and bone and mineral
metabolism and reduces psychiatric symptoms.
Finally, the authors conclude that the
observed beneficial effects of replacement
therapy with GH are of sufficient magnitude
to consider treatment of GHD adults. Six
patients between the ages of 21and 50 with
human growth hormone (hGH) deficiency and
hypopituitarism were treated with human
growth hormone (hGH) supplementation and
modulation. After one year, all subjects
reported having an improved sense of
well-being with increased working capacity
and a noticeable increase in bone density.
The beneficial effects of human growth
hormone (hGH) supplementation and modulation
indicate that this treatment be considered
for any adult with hypopituitarism or human
growth hormone (hGH) deficient adult,
irrespective of age. This study
concluded that therapy with growth hormone
for 6 months in a dose varying between 6 and
25 micrograms/kg/day increased lean body
mass and decreased fat mass. The sense of
general well-being improved in most
patients. Furthermore, growth hormone
treatment increased bone turnover without a
measurable increase in bone density, caused
some minor changes in lipid and carbohydrate
metabolism, and increased the metabolism of
thyroxine to T3. Androgen Treatment of Middle-Aged, Obese Men: Effects on Metabolism, Muscle and Adipose Tissues.pdf This pilot
investigation was conducted to explore the
relationship between androgens and glucose
tolerance in obese men and to select an
optimal mode for androgen treatment. The
results suggest that T administration to
middle-aged, obese man may have beneficial
effects. This study
concluded that subcutaneous oestradiol and
testosterone implants will result in an
increase in bone mass even after many years
of oral oestrogen replacement therapy.
To measure
the effect of testosterone replacement and
venesection on spinal and peripheral bone
mineral this study prospectively examined
six hypogonadal men and six eugonadal men
with idiopathic hemochromatosis for 24
months. The data suggest that bone mineral
increases in the lumbar spine and in the
forearm in hypogonadal men with
hemochromatosis treated by testosterone
replacement and venesection.
Effects of Human Growth Hormone in Men Over 60 Years
Old.pdf Sex Hormones and Skin Collagen Content in Postmenopausal Women.pdf The
implication from the findings in this study
is that oestrogen or testosterone, or both,
prevents the decrease in skin collagen
content during the aging process. It
concludes that it protects skin in the same
way as it protects bone in menopausal
women. Skin biopsy specimens were taken
from the participants. The
results of this study on rats injected with
human growth hormone (hGH) and/or estradiol
indicate that human growth hormone (hGH)
supplementation and modulation does promote
growth of the epiphyseal cartilage,
therefore improving bone density.
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