Fibromyalgia

There is no known cause for fibromyalgia, but studies are searching for treatments. Similarities have been noted between fibromyalgia’s clinical features and the adult GH-deficiency syndrome. Review current research and medical articles on fibromyalgia, which examine hormone modulation’s therapeutic potential on this condition.


Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Concentrations in Women with Fibromyalgia.pdf

In this sample of premenopausal women with FM, the activity of the GH-IGF-1 axis was similar to that of healthy controls. Increases in age and obesity were both strongly associated with lower activity of this axis, suggesting that these factors must be considered when studying activity of the GH-IGF-1 axis in FM.
McCall-Hosenfeld, J.S., Goldenberg, D.L., Hurwitz, S. & Adler, G.K. (2003). Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in women with fibromyalgia [Electronic version]. The Journal of Rheumatology, 30(4), 809-814. Retrieved September 26, 2005.

Fibromyalgia: Symptom Constellation and Potential Therapeutic Options.pdf

The findings of this study suggest the somatotrophic axis may be involved in the etiology and the treatment of this disorder. Those diagnosed with FM respond to various stressors with increased disruption of their physiological homeostasis.
Shuer, M.L. (2003). Fibromyalgia: symptom constellation and potential therapeutic options [Electronic version]. Endocrine, 22(1), 67-76. Retrieved September 26, 2005.

Neuroendocrine Abnormalities in Fibromyalgia.pdf

This review summarizes the available data on the neuroendocrine function in fibromyalgia, including data on hormone secretion, circadian phase, and autonomic nervous system function.
Adler, G.K., Manfredsdottir, V.F. & Creskoff, K.W. (2002). Neuroendocrine abnormalities in fibromyalgia [Electronic version]. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 6(4), 289-298. Retrieved September 26, 2005.

Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency in Patients with Fibromyalgia.pdf

According to this study, the severe GH deficiency that occurs in a subset of patients with fibromyalgia is of clinical relevance because it is a treatable disorder with demonstrated benefits to patients.
Bennett, R.M. (2002). Adult growth hormone deficiency in patients with fibromyalgia [Electronic version]. Current Rheumatology Reports, 4(4), 306-312. Retrieved September 26, 2005.

Impaired Growth Hormone Secretion in Fibromyalgia Patients: Evidence for Augmented Hypothalamic Somatostatin Tone.pdf

In this study, three new findings are reported: 1) FM patients have a reduced GH response to exercise, 2) pyridostigmine reverses this impaired response, and 3) defective GH secretion in FM can occur in patients with normal IGF-1 levels. Because pyridostigmine is known to reduce somatostatin tone, it is surmised that the defective GH response to exercise in FM patients probably results from increased levels of somatostatin, a hypothalamic hormone that inhibits GH secretion.
Paiva, E.S., Deodhar, A., Jones, K.D. & Bennett, R. (2002). Impaired growth hormone secretion in fibromyalgia patients: evidence for augmented hypothalamic somatostatin tone [Electronic version]. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 46(5), 1344-1350. Retrieved September 26, 2005.

Hormonal Responses to Exercise Stress Test in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome.pdf

Twenty patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and 20 matched healthy controls were subjected to an exercise stress test above their anaerobic threshold. The results of this study suggest the possibility of a perturbation in hormonal response to exercise in patients with FMS.
Gursel, Y., Ergin, S., Ulus, Y., Erdogan, M.F., Yalcin, P. & Evcik, D. (2001). Hormonal responses to exercise stress test in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome [Electronic version]. Clinical Rheumatology, 20(6), 401-405 Retrieved September 26, 2005.

Decreased Nocturnal Levels of Prolactin and Growth Hormone in Women with Fibromyalgia.pdf

These data demonstrate altered functioning of both the somatotropic and lactotropic axes during sleep in FM and support the hypothesis that dysregulated neuroendocrine systems during sleep may play a role in the pathophysiology of FM.
Landis, C.A., Lentz, M.J., Rothermel, J., Riffle, S.C., Chapman, D., Buchwald, D., et al. (2001). Decreased nocturnal levels of prolactin and growth hormone in women with fibromyalgia [Electronic version]. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86(4), 1672-8. Retrieved September 26, 2005.

The Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Hormone-GH-Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Axis in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome.pdf

The data from this study show that patients with FM exhibited a marked decrease in spontaneous GH secretion, but normal pituitary responsiveness to exogenously administered GHRH, thus suggesting the existence of an alteration at the hypothalamic level in the neuroendocrine control of GH in these patients. Furthermore, our finding of increased IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels after GH treatment, over 4 days, opens up the possibility of testing the therapeutic potential of hGH in patients with FM.
Leal-Cerro, A., Povedano, J., Astorga, R., Gonzalez, M., Silva, H., Garcia-Pesquera, F., et al. (1999). The growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-GH-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome [Electronic version]. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84(9), 3378-3381. Retrieved October 31, 2005.

Low Growth Hormone Secretion in Patients with Fibromyalgia--A Preliminary Report on 10 Patients and 10 Controls.pdf

The results of this study suggest that growth hormone secretion is decreased in patients with FM. Substitution therapy with low doses of growth hormone may be worth evaluating in the treatment of FM.
Bagge, E., Bengtsson, B.A., Carlsson, L. & Carlsson, J. (1998). Low growth hormone secretion in patients with fibromyalgia--a preliminary report on 10 patients and 10 controls [Electronic version]. The Journal of Rheumatology, 25(1)145-148. Retrieved September 26, 2005.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Growth Hormone in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia.pdf

This study concluded that women with fibromyalgia and low IGF-1 levels experienced an improvement in their overall symptomatology and number of tender points after 9 months of daily growth hormone therapy. This suggests that a secondary growth hormone deficiency may be responsible for some of the symptoms of fibromyalgia.
Bennett, R.M., Clark, S.C. & Walczyk, J. (1998) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of growth hormone in the treatment of fibromyalgia [Electronic version]. The American Journal of Medicine, 104(3), 227-231. Retrieved September 26, 2005.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Axis Dysfunction in Patients with Fibromyalgia.pdf

This study concluded that many, but not all, patients with FM have low levels of IGF-I that cannot be explained by clinical associations. These results suggest that low IGF-I levels in patients with FM are a secondary phenomenon due to hypothalamic-pituitary-GH axis dysfunction.
Bennett, R.M., Cook, D.M., Clark, S.R., Burckhardt, C.S. & Campbell, S.M. (1997). Hypothalamic-pituitary-insulin-like growth factor-I axis dysfunction in patients with fibromyalgia [Electronic version]. The Journal of Rheumatology, 24(7), 1384-1389. Retrieved September 26, 2005.

A Controlled Study on Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Urinary Excretion of Growth Hormone in Fibromyalgia.pdf

This study concluded that major secretory deficiencies were not documented. However, they say that the power of their study does not allow us to discard the role of minor secretory deficiencies of human growth hormone in FM.
Jacobsen, S. Main, K., Danneskiold-Samsoe, B. & Skakkebaek, N.E. (1995). A controlled study on serum insulin-like growth factor-I and urinary excretion of growth hormone in fibromyalgia [Electronic version]. The Journal of Rheumatology, 22(6), 1138-1140. Retrieved September 26, 2005.