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The endocrine system influences your metabolic functionality. This section presents examinations of endocrinology, metabolic issues, hormonal effects and divisive studies. Hormone optimization is explored to demonstrate its positive impact on overall metabolism. Review current research and medical articles on metabolism to gain new insights. Influences of Calorie Restriction and Age on Energy Expenditure in the Rhesus Monkey.pdf
To assess longitudinal effects of CR on EE in rhesus monkeys (Macaca
mulatta), data from 41 males (M) and 26 females (F) subjected to 9
or 15 yr of CR were studied. EE and body composition of monkeys
11-28 yr of age were measured using indirect calorimetry and dual
X-ray absorptiometry. Total EE (24-h EE) was divided into daytime
(day EE), nighttime (night EE), and daytime minus nighttime (D - N
EE). High Carb, Low Glycemic Index Diet Best to Reduce CV Risk.pdf
Diets
high
in
carbohydrates
(CHOs)
with
low
glycemic
index
(GI)
are
best
for
cardiovascular
risk
reduction,
according
to
the
results
of a
randomized
controlled
study
reported
in
the
July
24
issue
of
the
Archives
of
Internal
Medicine.
Risk
Factors
of
Cardiovascular
Disease
in
GH-Deficient
Adults
with
Hypopituitarism:
A
Preliminary
Report.pdf
According
to
this
article,
for
many
of
us,
it’s
easier
to
think
about
multiple
problems
as
having
one
root
cause,
or
at
least
a
common
underlying
complex
pathophysiology.
Hypertension,
dysglycemia,
dyslipidemia,
and
central
obesity
occur
in
the
same
patients
more
often
than
by
chance
alone.
This
study
concluded
that
serum
TT,
SHBG,
DHEAS
and
ADT
levels
are
significantly
lower
in
Arab
men
compared
to
those
reported
for
Caucasian
men,
especially
in
early
adulthood.
Arab
men
with
newly
diagnosed
prostate
cancer
have
higher
circulating
androgens
compared
to
healthy
controls.
We
suggest
that
low
circulating
androgens
and
their
adrenal
precursors
in
Arab
men
when
compared
to
Caucasians
may
partially
account
for
the
relatively
lower
risk
for
prostate
cancer
among
Arab
men.
Lowering
Dietary
Glycemic
Load
for
Weight
Control
and
Cardiovascular
Health:
A
Matter
of
Quality.pdf
According
to
this
study,
based
on
TT
concentration,
the
prevalence
of
hypogonadism
in
men
reporting
to
primary
care
offices
was
estimated
to
be
38.7%.
The
medical
conditions
that
occurred
significantly
more
frequently
among
hypogonadal
men
than
eugonadal
men
included
increased
BMI,
hypertension,
hyperlipidaemia,
diabetes,
and
asthma
or
COPD.
As
men
age,
they
are
susceptible
to
conditions
that
share
many
of
the
same
symptoms
similar
to
hypogonadism.
The
presence
of
these
conditions
may,
in
effect,
mask
underlying
hypogonadism
and
negatively
impact
quality
of
life.
This
review
details
what
is
currently
known
about
insulin,
insulin-like
growth
factor
type
I (IGF-I)
and
IGF-II
proteins
and
their
corresponding
receptors
in
the
brain,
and
delineates
the
major
controversies
pertaining
to
alterations
in
the
expression
and
function
of
these
molecules
in
AD.
Growth
Hormone
Treatment
Reduces
Abdominal
Visceral
Fat
in
Postmenopausal
Women
with
Abdominal
Obesity:
A
12-Month
Placebo-Controlled
Trial.pdf Male Hormones Could Help Slow Aging in Men, WU Doctor Says.pdf
According
to
this
article,
the
natural
medical
response
to
decreasing
testosterone
in
men
is
to
want
to
replenish
low
hormone
levels.
Yet
no
large-scale
study
has
done
for
men
what
the
massive
Women's
Health
Initiative
did
for
women:
Investigate
the
effects
of
replacing
important
sex
hormones
in
the
aging.
But
as
demographic
shifts
bring
an
increasingly
older
population,
male
hormone
replacement
therapy,
or
HRT,
is
becoming
a
priority.
Adrian
Dobs,
MD,
professor
of
endocrinology
at
the
Johns
Hopkins
University
School
of
Medicine,
spoke
about
low
testosterone
at
the
87th
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Endocrine
Society.
Dobs
said
data
from
the
Baltimore
Longitudinal
Study
of
Aging
demonstrated
that
as
many
as
50%
of
men
between
the
ages
of
70
and
79
may
have
hypogonadism.
According
to
this
study,
17b-estradiol
may
be
as
important
contributor
to
insulin-like
growth
factor-I
(IGF-I)
plasma
level
as
age
in
hypoestrogenic,
hypogonadotropic
women. Hydration Testing in Collegiate Wrestlers Undergoing Hypertonic Dehydration.pdf
This study supports a specific gravity cutoff of 1.020 g.mL(-1) for
the identification of hypertonic DEH. Future research should test
the cutoff values established in this study and explore the
relationship between DEH and urine protein.
According to this review article, the kidney plays a major role in
arginine metabolism in 3 principal ways: arginine synthesis,
creatine synthesis, and arginine reabsorption. Appreciable
quantities of arginine are synthesized in the kidney from citrulline
produced by the intestine. The renal enzymes of arginine synthesis,
argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase, occur in
the cells of the proximal tubule. The rate of arginine synthesis
depends on citrulline delivery and does not appear to be regulated
by dietary arginine availability. Renal arginine synthesis in humans
produces approximately 2 g arginine/d, which may be compared to an
intake, from a Western diet, of approximately 4 to 5 g/d.
The present study demonstrates the validity of deuterium-labeled
fatty acids to measure the oxidation of dietary fatty acids during
exercise, expanding on the previously validated rest condition. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 as a Vascular Protective Factor.pdf
According
to
this
study,
until
recently,
IGF-1
was
considered
a
mediator
of
vascular
disease.
Increasing
evidence
indicates,
instead,
that
IGF-1
protects
against
endothelial
dysfunction,
atherosclerotic
plaque
development,
the
metabolic
syndrome,
clinical
instability,
and
ischemic
myocardial
damage.
Low
Testosterone
Common
in
Type
2
Diabetes
Study:
1 in
3
Diabetic
Men
May
Suffer
Low
Sex
Hormone
Levels.pdf
Review
by
Amazon.com
of
Suzanne
Somers’
book
The
Sexy
Years:
Discover
the
Hormone
Connection:
The
Secret
to
Fabulous
Sex,
Great
Health,
and
Vitality,
for
Women
and
Men.
This
study
focused
on
severely-burned
patients.
It
looked
at
combining
administration
of
glutamine
(Gln)
and
recombinant
human
growth
hormone
(rhGH)
to
see
if
it
could
be
beneficial
to
the
elevation
of
the
plasma
Gln
level
in
these
patients. Low Androgenization Index in Elderly Women and Elderly Men with Alzheimer's Disease.pdf
The
authors
of
this
study
investigated
whether
testosterone
levels
and
testosterone
availability
differ
between
older
lean
subjects
with
and
without
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD).
Sex
hormone
binding
globulin
(SHBG)
and
estradiol
levels
were
higher,
whereas
the
free
androgenization
index
(FAI)
was
lower,
in
lean
subjects
with
AD
than
in
lean
subjects
without
AD.
Factors
involved
in
the
increase
of
SHBG
secretion
could
have
an
important
role
in
the
lower
testosterone
availability
of
subjects
with
AD. Diet Composition and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Epidemiological and Clinical Evidence.pdf
This
article
concludes
that
new
emphasis
on
prevention
by
multiple
lifestyle
modifications,
including
moderate
changes
in
the
composition
of
the
habitual
diet,
might
limit
the
dramatic
increase
in
incidence
of
type
2
diabetes
envisaged
worldwide.
This
study
demonstrates
that
1)
improvements
in
QoL,
as
measured
by
the
QLS-H,
are
maintained
during
long-term
GH
replacement
therapy
of
adults
with
GHD,
and
2)
the
QLS-H
is a
useful
tool
for
evaluating
QoL
in
hypopituitary
patients
treated
in
clinical
practice.
The
authors
suggest
that
evaluation
of
QoL
should
be a
part
of
the
routine
clinical
management
of
adult
GH-deficient
patients,
complementing
the
measurement
of
surrogate
biological
markers
or
other
clinical
end
points.
This
article
concludes
that
administration
of a
low-dose
testosterone
to
men
with
COPD
for
26
weeks
was
associated
with
improvement
of
body
composition,
better
erectile
function
and
sexual
quality
of
life.
Furthermore,
there
were
no
clinical
or
biochemical
side
effects.
The
subject
of
this
study
was
Dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA).
It
was
examined
to
determine
its
effects
on
the
proliferation
of
cultured
endothelial
cells,
compare
its
effects
with
those
of
estradiol
and
testosterone,
and
examine
its
effects
on
subcellular
messengers.
2001 Uses of Stable Isotopes in the Assessment of Nutrient Status and Metabolism.pdf
Stable isotopes are nonradioactive and can be safely administered to
humans; yet, because of the isotopic difference, can be
distinguished from the unlabeled moiety and thus trace the nutrient
uptake and elimination. Stable isotope applications include
measurement of nutrient absorption, determination of nutrient body
stores, tracing routes of nutrient metabolism, measuring nutrient
fluxes through specific pathways, and measuring nutrient
elimination.
The
results
of
this
study
demonstrate
that
GH
may
have
a
regulatory
role
in
bone
mineral
metabolism,
and
our
data
provide
a
possible
underlying
mechanism
for
the
development
of
osteoporosis
in
AGHD
patients.
The
changes
observed
after
GHR
may
further
explain
the
beneficial
effects
of
GHR
on
bone
mineral
density
that
have
consistently
been
reported. Growth Hormone Therapy in Adults.pdf
According
to
this
review,
Growth
hormone
(GH)
is
classically
linked
with
linear
growth
in
childhood
but
continues
to
have
important
metabolic
actions
throughout
life.
GH
deficiency
in
adulthood
causes
a
distinct
syndrome
with
significant
morbidities.
These
include
increased
total
and
visceral
fat,
decreased
muscle
mass
and
aerobic
capacity,
affective
disturbances,
abnormal
lipids,
and
increased
vascular
mortality,
all
of
which
are
ameliorated
with
GH
replacement.
The
aim
of
this
study
was
to
investigate
the
effects
of
HRT
on
the
serum
levels
of
hormones
and
cytokines
regulating
bone
turnover
in
88
postmenopausal
women
with
active
rheumatoid
arthritis
(RA)
randomly
allocated
to
receive
HRT
plus
calcium
and
vitamin
D3
or
calcium
and
vitamin
D3
alone
for
2
years.
American
Association
of
Clinical
Endocrinologists
Medical
Guidelines
for
Clinical
Practice
for
Growth
Hormone
Use
in
Adults
and
Children
--
2003
Update.pdf
Thirty-eight
severely
burned
patients
were
studied
to
investigate
the
changes
in
protein
catabolism
and
immunocompetence
in
such
patients
postoperatively.
It
also
observed
the
therapeutic
effect
of
recombinant
human
growth
hormone
(rhGH)
in
these
patients.
It
concluded
that
nutrition
support
and
rhGH
treatment
may
produce
rapid
improvement
for
the
patients
with
regard
to
their
conditions
Endogenous
Sex
Hormones
and
Cardiovascular
Disease
in
Men.pdf
This
study
concludes
that
greater
levels
or
production
of
the
catabolic
cytokines
TNF-alpha
and
interleukin
6
are
associated
with
increased
mortality
in
community-dwelling
elderly
adults,
whereas
IGF-1
levels
had
the
opposite
effect. Can Growth Hormone Prevent Aging?.pdf
This
article
cites
the
article
by
Rudman
et
al.
that
appeared
in
the
Journal
in
1990
that
reported
the
effect
on
body
composition
of
administering
human
growth
hormone
for
six
months
to
12
older
men.
This
article
incited
a
proliferation
of "antiaging"
clinics
and
lay
publications,
such
as
"Grow
Young
with
HGH,"
extolling
the
benefits
of
growth
hormone
in
reversing
or
preventing
aging.
Recombinant
Human
Growth
Hormone
Treatment
in
Elderly
Patients
Undergoing
Elective
Total
Hip
Replacement.pdf No abstract available. Wilson, T.A., Rose, S.R., Cohen, P., Rogol, A.D., Backeljauw, P., et al. (2003). Update of guidelines for the use of growth hormone in children: the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrinology Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee [Electronic version]. The Journal of Pediatrics, 143(4), 415-421. Retrieved September 26, 2005.
Fifty
severely-burned
patients
were
enrolled
in
this
study,
the
aim
of
which
was
to
explore
the
effects
of
recombinant
human
growth
hormone
(rhGH)
on
the
metabolism
of
branch
chain
amino
acid
when
applied
postoperatively.
This
study
concludes
that
recombinant
human
growth
hormone
(rhGH)
has
a
beneficial
effect
on
metabolism
in
patients
who
are
severely
burned.
Hyperglycemia,
however,
is
apt
to
occur
and
water,
Na(+),
Cl(-)
retention
are
suggested.
Fifty
patients
were
studied. The Influence of Recombinant Human Growth Hormones on the Systemic Metabolism After Severe Burn.pdf
The
conclusion
of
this
study
involving
twenty-four
burn
patients
was
that
a
small
dose
of
recombinant
human
growth
hormone
could
promote
systemic
protein
synthesis
with
no
side
effects
on
blood
glucose
levels. Shouldn't Adults with Growth Hormone Deficiency Be Offered Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy?.pdf
This
analysis
should
encourage
reluctant
practitioners
to
at
least
consider
growth
hormone
replacement
therapy
for
patients
with
definite
growth
hormone
deficiency--that
is,
patients
with
symptomatic
panhypopituitarism. Growth Hormone Therapy for Adults: Not Ready for Prime Time?.pdf
This
article
states
that
long-term
studies
in
patients
receiving
appropriate
comprehensive
management
for
other
hormonal
deficiencies
and
for
concomitant
abnormalities
will
be
required
to
convince
physicians
of
the
utility
and
safety
of
growth
hormone
replacement
therapy.
A
study
involving
seven
normotensive,
nondiabetic
GH-deficient
adults
(two
women)
evaluated
skin
capillary
permeability
and
capillary
density.
It
found
that
the
growth
hormone
deficiency
syndrome
is
associated
with
microvascular
alterations,
which
are
responsive
to
growth
hormone
replacement.
This
study
concluded
that
in
HIV-infected
patients
with
abnormal
fat
distribution,
pharmacologic
doses
of
GH
improved
the
overall
lipid
profile,
but
worsened
glucose
homeostasis
under
both
fasting
and
hyperinsulinemic
conditions.
The
combined
implications
of
these
positive
and
negative
metabolic
effects
for
cardiovascular
disease
risk
remain
unknown. Oral Estrogen May Aggravate Metabolic Abnormalities in Women with Growth Hormone Deficiency.pdf
Oral
administration
of
estrogen
replacement
therapy
suppresses
the
biological
actions
of
growth
hormones
(GH)
in
GH-deficient
women,
research
suggests.
According
to
this
study,
the
extensive
data,
to
date,
collected
on
large
numbers
of
children
and
adults
treated
with
GH
indicate
that
for
the
current
approved
indications
GH
is
safe.
Nevertheless,
this
workshop
has
highlighted
a
number
of
areas
where
ongoing
surveillance
of
the
long-term
safety
of
GH
replacement
is
important
(cancer,
glucose
homeostasis,
high-dose
pharmacological
treatment).
This
will
require
appropriately
designed
follow-up
studies
using
adequate
epidemiological
tools
and
untreated
controls. Association of IGF-I Levels with Muscle Strength and Mobility in Older Women.pdf
This
article
summarizes
that
in a
study
population
including
frail
and
healthy
older
women,
low
IGF-I
levels
were
associated
with
poor
knee
extensor
muscle
strength,
slow
walking
speed,
and
self-reported
difficulty
with
mobility
tasks.
These
findings
suggest
a
role
for
IGF-I
in
disability
as
well
as a
potential
target
population
for
interventions
to
raise
IGF-I
levels. Clinical Perspective - Acromegaly and Cancer: Not a Problem?.pdf
This
study
discusses
how
uncontrolled
acromegaly
may
provide
a
growth
advantage
to
concurrently
occurring
neoplasms
in
these
patients;
and
based
upon
experimental
information,
cancer
in a
patient
with
acromegaly
and
uncontrolled
GH
levels
will
likely
be
more
aggressive,
with
potentially
increased
cancer-associated
morbidity
and
mortality.
However,
there
is
no
clear
evidence
for
enhanced
de
novo
cancer
initiation
in
acromegaly
and,
as
yet,
no
direct
proven
causal
relationship
of
acromegaly
with
malignant
disease.
This
study
concluded
that
low-dose
GH
treatment
combined
with
dietary
restriction
resulted
not
only
in a
decrease
of
visceral
fat
but
also
in
an
increase
of
muscle
mass
with
a
consequent
improvement
of
the
insulin
resistance
observed
in
obese
type
2
diabetic
patients. Hormonal Effects on Skin Aging.pdf
This
article
reviews
the
effect
of
decreasing
hormone
levels
on
the
skin
and
the
possible
benefits
of
hormone
replacement
therapy
(HRT).
It
also
discusses
the
positive
effects
Growth
Hormone
and
estrogen
can
have
on
wound
healing. Personal Business; Trying to Roll Back the Biological Clock, for a Price.pdf
This
article,
written
soon
after
September
11th,
says
that
Americans
have
been
re-evaluating
their
priorities
since
the
attacks,
and
for
some
people
that
means
paying
closer
attention
to
their
health.
There
has
even
been
a
rise
in
interest
in
so-called
anti-aging
clinics.
It
discusses
several
clinics,
including
Cenegenics.
The
interpretation
of
this
study
is
that
patients
with
hypopituitarism
have
excess
mortality,
predominantly
from
vascular
and
respiratory
disease.
Age
at
diagnosis,
female
sex,
and
above
all,
craniopharyngioma
were
significant
independent
risk
factors.
Specific
endocrine-axis
deficiency,
with
the
exception
of
untreated
gonadotropin
deficiency,
does
not
seem
to
have
a
role.
According
to
this
study,
oral
estrogen
antagonizes
several
of
the
metabolic
actions
of
GH.
It
may
aggravate
body
composition
abnormalities
already
present
in
GHD
women
and
attenuate
the
beneficial
effects
of
GH
therapy.
Estrogen
replacement
in
GHD
women
should
be
administered
by a
nonoral
route. Consequences of the Diabetic Status on the Oxidant/Antioxidant Balance.pdf
The
aim
of
this
paper
was
to
review
the
consequences
of
the
diabetic
status
on
the
oxidant/antioxidant
balance.
This article states that recent availability of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) has led to intense investigation of the consequences of adult GH deficiency (GHD) and the effects of GH replacement. These studies have led to the identification of a characteristic syndrome of GHD consisting of decreased mood and well-being, with alterations in body composition and substrate metabolism. Carroll, P.V., Christ, E.R. & Sonksen, P.H. (2000). Growth hormone replacement in adults with growth hormone deficiency: assessment of current knowledge [Electronic version]. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11(6), 231-238. Retrieved January 18, 2006. Effects of 7 Years of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Hypopituitary Adults.pdf
This
study
concludes
that
prolonged
GH
substitution
in
middle-aged
hypopituitary
adults
causes
a
sustained
improvement
in
body
composition.
Other
benefits,
e.g.
on
lipid
levels
and
exercise
tolerance,
were
not
apparent
at 7
yr
when
comparisons
were
made
with
GH-untreated
hypopituitary
controls.
Potentially
adverse
effects
on
glucose
tolerance
and
insulinemia
did
not
develop
with
prolonged
GH
therapy. Androgen Deficiency in Women with Hypopituitarism.pdf
Preliminary
data
suggest
that
androgen
levels
are
markedly
decreased
in
women
with
hypopituitarism
compared
with
women
who
have
normally
functioning
pituitary
glands. Serum Lipid and Leptin Concentrations in Hypopituitary Patients with Growth Hormone Deficiency.pdf
The
conclusion
of
this
study
was
that
growth
hormone
deficient
hypopituitary
patients
(particularly
women)
on
conventional
replacement
therapy
have
a
more
atherogenic
lipid
profile.
Leptin
concentrations
are
increased
in
GH
deficient
adults
even
after
adjustment
for
percentage
body
fat
and
body
fat
mass
(kg). The Prevalence and Characteristics of Colorectal Neoplasia in Acromegaly.pdf
In
this
study,
no
associations
were
found
between
the
presence
of
colonic
neoplasia
and
the
duration
of
disease,
total
GH
exposure,
cure
status,
and
serum
insulin-like
growth
factor
I.
This
study
has
failed
to
demonstrate
an
increased
prevalence
of
neoplasia
in
acromegalic
patients
compared
with
the
expected
prevalence
in
the
general
population
and
questions
the
need
for
an
aggressive
colonoscopic
screening
policy. Growth Hormone - Hormone Replacement for the Somatopause?.pdf
According
to
this
article,
the
fall
in
GH
secretion
seen
with
ageing
coincides
with
changes
in
body
composition
and
lipid
metabolism
that
are
similar
to
those
seen
in
adults
with
GH
deficiency.
In
elderly
subjects,
although
GH
secretion
is
markedly
reduced,
remaining
GH
secretion
correlates
closely
with
body
composition
(particularly
with
lean
body
mass
and
inversely
with
central
abdominal
fat).
The
present
study
confirms
short-term
data
published
in
the
literature
on a
sex
difference
in
rhGH
dose
requirement
in
GH-deficient
patients.
It
furthers
extends
the
data
by
demonstrating
that
this
sex
difference
in
GH
responsivity
persists
and
changes
during
the
24
months
of
the
study.
Moreover,
it
shows
that
estrogen
replacement
blunts
the
IGF-I
response
to
rhGH
in
women,
whereas
in
men
with
androgen
substitution
the
responsivity
increases
over
time,
thus
bearing
a
risk
of
undertreatment
in
women
and
overtreatment
in
men. Experience with Testosterone Replacement in the Elderly.pdf
According
to
this
discussion,
to
date,
most
of
the
studies
of
androgen
replacement
have
been
done
with
healthy
older
men
(age
> or
= 55
years),
and
almost
no
data
are
available
for
frail
elderly
individuals.
Treatment
effects
that
make
a
relatively
small
difference
in
younger,
more
robust
individuals
may
have
a
greater
effect
on
the
elderly,
whose
improvement
in
functioning
and
level
of
activity
may
be
more
dramatic. Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Cognitive Function in Adults.pdf
This
review
focuses
on
the
possible
contribution
of
the
growth
hormone
(GH)-insulin-like
growth
factor
I (IGF-I)
axis
to
cognitive
function.
Effects
of
two
years
of
growth
hormone
(GH)
replacement
therapy
on
bone
metabolism
and
mineral
density
in
childhood
and
adulthood
onset
GH
deficient
patients.
The
data
in
this
study,
drawn
from
a
large
population
of
hypopituitary
adults
treated
with
GH
for
a
total
of
more
than
800
patient
years,
confirm
previous
reports
that
untreated
GHD
in
hypopituitary
adults
is
associated
with
a
number
of
important
clinical
problems. Depression of Liver Protein Synthesis During Surgery is Prevented by Growth Hormone.pdf
This
study
was
undertaken
to
elucidate
the
specific
effects
of
growth
hormone
(GH)
on
liver
protein
metabolism
in
humans
during
surgery.
It
concluded
that
GH
pretreatment
decreases
hepatic
free
amino
acid
concentrations
and
preserves
liver
protein
synthesis
during
surgery.
The
data
from
this
study
highlight
the
value
of
large
longitudinal
surveillance
databases
in
defining
the
optimum
dose
regimen
for
GH
replacement
and
indicate
that
women
may
need
a
higher
replacement
dose
of
GH
than
men.
In
this
study,
GH
therapy
resulted
in
increased
insulin
resistance
during
hypoglycemia,
without
changes
in
the
counterregulatory
hormonal
responses,
serum
IGFBP-1,
or
serum
FFA. The Study of Growth Hormone on Wound Healing Rate in Adult Burns.pdf
This
study
examined
the
effects
of
recombinant
human
growth
hormone
on
wound
healing
in
forty-two
adult
burn
patients.
Its
findings
showed
that
rhGH
could
enhance
the
wound
healing
rate
and
improve
anabolism.
The
length
of
hospital
stay
could
also
be
reduced.
This
study
concluded
that
a
significant
reduction
of
BMD
associated
with
abnormalities
of
bone
turnover
parameters
was
found
only
in
patients
with
very
severe
or
severe
GHD,
whereas
normal
BMD
values
were
found
in
non-GHD
hypopituitary
patients.
These
abnormalities
were
consistently
present
in
all
patients
with
GHD
regardless
of
the
presence
of
additional
hormone
deficits,
suggesting
that
GHD
plays
a
central
role
in
the
development
of
osteopenia
in
hypopituitary
patients.
This
study
compared
GH
replacement
requirements
in
these
two
groups
of
women
as
well
as
with
GH-treated
adult
hypopituitary
males.
The
observations
of
this
study
may
be
useful
in
anticipating
appropriate
starting
and
final
doses
of
GH
in
adult
hypopituitary
patients. Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Growth Hormone Axis in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.pdf
The
findings
of
this
study
indicate
that
there
is
an
impairment
in
HPA
and
GH
axis
in
patients
with
active
and
remitted
RA.
The
site
of
this
impairment
is
probably
hypothalamus
and/or
pituitary
gland. The Effects of 10 Years of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (GH) in Adult GH-Deficient Patients.pdf
This
study
concluded
that
GH
treatment
for
10
yr
in
GHD
adults
resulted
in
increased
lean
body
and
muscle
mass,
a
less
atherogenic
lipid
profile,
reduced
carotid
intima
media
thickness,
and
improved
psychological
well-being. Growth Hormone and the Metabolic Syndrome.pdf
According
to
this
study,
the
finding
that
GH
replacement
in
men
with
abdominal
obesity
can
diminish
the
negative
metabolic
consequences
of
visceral
obesity
suggests
that
low
levels
of
this
hormone
are
of
importance
for
the
metabolic
aberrations
associated
with
visceral/abdominal
obesity.
This
study
found
that
the
available
evidence
suggests
that
concerns
regarding
glucose
intolerance
in
patients
receiving
long-term
GH
therapy
have
not
been
substantiated.
The
beneficial
effects
on
body
composition,
and
on
total
and
low
density
lipoprotein
cholesterol
levels,
persisted
over
the
4
years
of
study.
The
aim
of
this
study
was
to
evaluate
bone
metabolism
and
mass
before
and
after
2
years
of
GH
replacement
therapy
in
adults
with
childhood
or
adulthood
onset
GH
deficiency.
It
concluded
that
patients
with
childhood
or
adulthood
onset
GH
deficiency
have
osteopenia
that
can
be
improved
by
long-term
treatment
with
GH.
This
study
concludes
that
the
ultimate
effect
of
GH
therapy
upon
cardiovascular
mortality
remains
to
be
determined
and
may
be
dose-related.
This
study
concludes
that
GH
replacement
therapy
in
GH-deficient
men
reverses
early
morphological
and
functional
atherosclerotic
changes
in
major
arteries,
and
may
reduce
rates
of
vascular
morbidity
and
mortality.
This
article
concludes
that
rhGH
treatment
is a
possible
strategy
that
could
be
used
with
malnourished
patients
who
are
awaiting
lung
transplantation.
It
can
improve
the
nutritional
status
and
respiratory
muscle
function
to
prevent
recurring
respiratory
infection
and
postoperative
complications
favored
by
malnutrition
and
possibly
to
decrease
the
length
of
hospital
stay. Growth Hormone Therapy in Adults and Children.pdf
According
to
this
study,
the
goals
of
growth
hormone
therapy
in
adults
is
to
restore
normal
body
composition,
improve
muscle
and
cardiac
function,
normalize
serum
lipid
concentrations,
and
improve
the
quality
of
life. Lipoprotein (a) in Android Obesity and NIDDM: A New Member in 'the Metabolic Syndrome'.pdf
According
to
this
article,
lipoprotein
(Lp)
(a)
recently
proved
to
be a
new
member
in
'the
metabolic
syndrome.'
Lp
(a)
has
the
distinctive
feature
of
containing
apolipoprotein
(a),
which
is a
glycoprotein
linked
to
apo
B100,
and
has
a
similarity
to
plasminogen;
it
is
also
structurally
related
to
LDL. Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adulthood and the Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement: A Review.pdf
The
importance
of
GH
throughout
adult
life
is
now
unequivocally
accepted.
GH
deficiency
is
recognized
to
result
in
alterations
in
body
composition,
physical
performance,
psychological
well-being,
and
substrate
metabolism.
Many
of
these
alterations
can
be
improved
or
corrected
with
GH
replacement.
The
prospect
of
GH
replacement
becoming
routine,
however,
does
raise
a
number
of
issues.
In
long-term
(21
day)
experiments,
BP
treatment
induced
a
145.3%
increase
(P=0.001)
in
anchorage-dependent
colony
formation.
This
aberrant
proliferation
was
inhibited
by
44.2%
to
65.3%
(P=0.01)
in
the
presence
of
the
three
phytochemicals.
Thus,
BP-induced
aberrant
proliferation
is
inhibited
by
the
natural
phytochemicals
in
part
due
to
regulation
of
cell
cycle
progression
and
induction
of
p53
dependent
apoptosis.
This
study
concluded
that
insulin
sensitivity
does
not
decrease
on
testosterone
replacement
therapy
of
male
subjects
with
idiopathic
hypogonadotrophic
hypogonadism.
Testosterone
replacement
was
associated
with
decrease
in
other
cardiovascular
risk
factors.
Wrinkling,
dryness
and
atrophy
were
examined
in
this
study
of
3875
postmenopausal
women.
The
goal
of
the
study
was
to
determine
the
possible
effects
estrogen
has
on
all
three
skin
conditions.
It
was
concluded
that
the
results
strongly
suggest
that
estrogen
use
prevents
dry
skin
and
wrinkling
associated
with
aging.
To
determine
the
effects
of
recombinant
human
growth
hormone
(GH)
on
postoperative
amino
acids
metabolism,
this
study
performed
a
placebo-controlled
randomized
double-blind
trial
in
18
patients
after
elective
gastrectomy
or
colectomy.
The
results
demonstrated
that
GH
can
increase
the
uptake
of
amino
acid
from
forearm
and
decrease
the
excreation
of
3-methylhistidine
in
urine
after
operation,
but
did
not
disturb
the
balance
of
amino
acids
in
plasma.
This
trial
has
demonstrated
that
GH
can
favorably
affect
some
of
the
multiple
perturbations
associated
with
abdominal/visceral
obesity.
This
includes
a
reduction
in
abdominal/visceral
obesity,
an
improved
insulin
sensitivity,
and
favorable
effects
on
lipoprotein
metabolism
and
diastolic
blood
pressure.
Serum
Levels
of
Insulin-Like
Growth
Factor-I
(IGF-I)
and
IGF-Binding
Protein-3
in
Healthy
Centenarians:
Relationship
with
Plasma
Leptin
and
Lipid
Concentrations,
Insulin
Action,
and
Cognitive
Function.pdf
This
study
says
that
the
preventive
efficacy
of
I3C
on
human
mammary
carcinogenesis
may
be
due
in
part
to
its
ability
to
regulate
cell-cycle
progression,
increase
the
formation
of
antiproliferative
E2
metabolite,
and
induce
cellular
apoptosis.
This
longitudinal
study
confirms
a
gradual
decline
in
total
testosterone
levels
with
advancing
age
in
older
men
and
provides
evidence
that
lifestyle
and
psychosocial
factors
are
related
to
this
decline.
Decreases
in
endogenous
testosterone
levels
with
age
in
men
are
associated
with
potentially
unfavorable
changes
in
triglycerides
and
high
density
lipoprotein
cholesterol.
The
data
from
this
study
demonstrate
that
4
years
of
GH
treatment
in
hypopituitary
adults
is
associated
with
sustained
improvement
in
body
composition.
The
data
from
this
study
support
the
hypothesis
that
circulating
IGF-I
not
only
reflects
the
integrated
growth
hormone
secretion
but
also
has
a
direct
role
in
the
endocrine
regulation
of
bone
remodeling.
The
present
findings
support
the
need
for
further
studies
to
assess
the
potential
of
IGF-I
in
attenuating
age-related
femoral
bone
loss.
According
to
this
article,
over
the
past
few
years,
there
has
been
an
explosion
of
data
in
the
scientific
literature
regarding
the
various
components
of
the
IGF
axis.
IGFBPs
and
related
molecules
are
now
believed
to
be
critical
elements
in
numerous
cellular
processes
and
key
factors
in
several
disease
states
related
to
abnormal
tissue
and
somatic
growth.
This
study’s
results
show
the
beneficial
effects
of
DHEA
therapy
in
postmenopausal
women
without
any
significant
side
effects.
Fifteen
postmenopausal
women
were
studied
for
twelve
months.
This
study
concluded
that
patients
with
active
RA,
even
in
the
early
phases,
lose
bone
very
rapidly.
Effective
control
of
systemic
inflammation
allowed
a
rapid
rescue
of
BMD,
at
least
in
the
short
term.
This
happened
with
a
simultaneous
increase
in
some
anabolic
variables
such
as
IGF-1,
BGP,
and
DHEAS.
According
to
this
study,
low
SHBG
and
testosterone
may
constitute
part
of
the
prediabetic
state
in
men
along
with
previously
reported
variables,
such
as
higher
glucose
and
insulin
levels
and
obesity. Growth Hormone Therapy for Protein Catabolism.pdf
GH
and
IGF-1
have
shown
remarkable
consistency
of
effect
in a
wide
range
of
catabolic
conditions,
including
improved
net
protein
synthesis
and
preserving
lean
body
mass.
The
purpose
of
this
study
was
to
prove
whether
stimulating
collagen
type
I
synthesis
would
be
accompanied
by a
deposition
of
collagen
type
I in
the
skin.
It
examined
twenty
growth
hormone-deficient
hypopituitary
patients
for
twelve
months.
Computed
tomography
was
used
to
examine
the
short
and
long-term
effects
of
recombinant
human
growth
hormone
(rhGH)
on
body
composition
and
regional
tissue
distributions
in
this
two-part
study.
Its
findings
look
at
Adipose
tissue,
muscle
and
visceral
organs.
This
study
concluded
that
reduced
peripheral
T4
conversion
is
related
to
impaired
Se
status
in
the
elderly. Anterior Pituitary Function in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis.pdf
In
this
study,
a
combined
test
for
total
anterior
pituitary
reserve
was
performed
in
10
patients
with
newly
diagnosed
untreated
RA.
Before
and
after
stimulation
with
the
respective
hypothalamic
releasing
hormones,
RA
patients
showed
no
difference
in
plasma
concentrations
of
adrenocorticotrophic
hormone
(ACTH),
cortisol,
prolactin
(PRL)
and
thyroid-stimulating
hormone
(TSH)
when
compared
to
healthy
controls.
This
study
concluded
that
the
effects
of
CysA
on
IGF-I
may
explain
some
of
the
clinical,
immunologic,
and
metabolic
results
during
CysA
treatment
of
rheumatic
diseases. Skin Water-Holding Capacity and Transdermal Estrogen Therapy for Menopause: A Pilot Study.pdf
This
study
included
two
groups
of
fifteen
menopausal
women.
The
purpose
was
to
model
and
measure
the
influence
of
estrogen-transdermal
HRT
on
subtle
physiological
changes
taking
place
in
the
epidermis
during
perimenopause. Advances in Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Adults.pdf
According
to
this
article,
it
is
now
apparent
that
acquired
GH
deficiency
is
associated
with
significant
changes
in
body
composition,
bone
density,
lipid
metabolism,
cardiovascular
function
and
physical
performance.
In
addition,
new
information
is
now
available
on
the
use
of
low
doses
of
recombinant
human
growth
hormone
(rhGH)
to
reverse
the
negative
effects
of
GH
deficiency
in
adults.
This
twelve-month
study
examines
the
possible
increase
in
skin
thickness
in
postmenopausal
women
as a
result
of
being
treated
with
conjugated
estrogens.
The
results
of
the
study
may
be
beneficial
to
women
who
are
looking
for
information
regarding
the
benefits
of
estrogen
replacement
therapy.
This study concluded that short term rhGH treatment increased both
protein anabolism and protein-sparing lipid oxidation, effects that
should increase body cell mass if sustained during chronic therapy.
This
study
investigated
the
potential
pituitary
origin
of
gonadal
insufficiency
in
hemochromatosis.
Gonadotropin
secretion
was
studied
in
seven
patients
with
hemochromatosis
and
hypogonadism,
before
and
after
chronic
pulsatile
GnRH
therapy.
It
was
concluded
that
hypogonadism
in
hemochromatosis
is
due
to
pituitary
lesions.
This
study
examined
endocrine
functions
at
baseline
and
after
TRH
and
LHRH
stimulation
in a
group
of 7
young
male
patients
with
genetic
hemochromatosis
(HE)
without
liver
damage
(i.e.
fibrosis
and
cirrhosis).
In
five
patients
endocrine
re-evaluations
after
complete
iron
depletion
was
also
performed.
In
this
study,
IGF-1
levels
were
examined
in a
man
with
hypothalamic
growth
hormone-deficiency
before
and
during
the
first
six
days
of
treatment
with
daily
growth
hormone
injections.
This
study
examined
the
effect
of
iron
depletion
on
reproductive
function
in a
37-yr-old
man
with
hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism
due
to
idiopathic
hemochromatosis.
It
was
concluded
that
phlebotomy
alone
may
be
adequate
treatment
for
hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism
in
men
with
hemochromatosis. Hypogonadism in Hemochromatosis: Reversal with Iron Depletion
The
findings
of
this
study
indicate
that
in
some
men
with
hereditary
hemochromatosis
and
hypogonadism
of
either
testicular
or
central
origin,
sexual
function
and
sex
hormone
concentrations
can
be
restored
to
normal
after
iron
depletion
therapy.
|
